# Projected Model Counting: Beyond Independent Support

### Abstract

Given a system of constraints over a set $X$ of variables, projected model counting asks us to count satisfying assignments of the constraint system projected on a subset $P$ of $X$. A key idea used in modern projected counters is to first compute an independent support, say $I$, that is often a small subset of $P$, and to then count models projected on $I$ instead of on $P$. While this has been effective in scaling performance of counters, the question of whether we can benefit by projecting on variables beyond $P$ has not been explored. In this paper, we study this question and show that contrary to intuition, it can be beneficial to project on variables even beyond $P$. In several applications, a good upper bound of the projected model count often suffices. We show that in several such cases, we can identify a set of variables, called upper bound support (UBS), that is not necessarily a subset of $P$, and yet counting models projected on UBS guarantees an upper bound of the projected model count. Theoretically, a UBS can be exponentially smaller than the smallest independent support. Our experiments show that even otherwise, UBS-based projected counting can be faster than independent support-based projected counting, while yielding bounds of high quality. Based on extensive experiments, we find that UBS-based projected counting can solve many problem instances that are beyond the reach of a state-of-the-art independent support-based projected model counter.

Type
Publication
In International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA)